The Palestine Chronology

Early in the morning, IDF tanks enter Jenin town, troops clash with residents, fatally shooting 1 Palestinian (who is allowed to bleed to death over 3 hrs.), detaining wanted Hamas mbr. Rami Awad and Islamic Jihad spokesman Khalid Hawaj, bulldozing 1 home; troops withdraw to the outskirts of Jenin by midday. IDF operations continue in the Bethlehem area, where troops resume sniper positions around Church of the Nativity, patrol Manger Square, search and vandalize the al-Rowwad Cultural Center. The IDF also detains Palestinian mayor of Jerusalem Jamil Nasir for several hrs. of questioning; conducts arrest raids in Alar, Bayt Anan, Beitunia (arresting senior Hamas mbr. Hassan Yusif), Hebron, Qalqilya, Ramallah, Saida. At least 1 Palestinian gunman infiltrates Itamar settlement, fatally shoots 3 Jewish settlers before being shot dead. Other Palestinian gunmen fatally shoot a Jewish settler driving nr. Ofra settlement. Jewish settlers set fire to 10s of dunams of Palestinian land nr. Nablus. The Israeli High Court approves the IDF's confiscation of 300 dunams of Palestinian land in Bayt Lahia nr. Aley Sinai settlement, effective retroactively to 5/1/02. (HP, MEZ, WP 5/28; GS, HA, HP, LAW, NYT, WP, WT 5/29; PCHR 5/30; MEI 5/31)

Arafat ratifies the Basic Law (the PA's constitution). (HA 5/28; WT 5/30; AFP, Interfax 5/30 in WNC 5/31; NYT 5/31; WT 6/1; AYM 6/1 in WNC 6/3)

The Knesset House Comm. votes (12-5) to restrict the movement of Israeli MK Ahmad Tibi for the remainder of his term, arguing that his works promote the interests of the PA and the residents of the occupied territories. Tibi was vocally critical of Operation Defensive Shield, participated in many peace marches. (Adalah press release 5/29)

A Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) suicide bomber dressed as an IDF soldier detonates a device in a Netanya market, killing 2 Israelis, wounding 50. The PFLP says the attack is to protest the PA's continued detention of the group's leader, Ahmad Saadat, under U.S.-British supervision in connection with the 10/01 PFLP assassination of Tourism M Rehavam Ze'evi. The IDF sends tanks, APCs into Ramallah after shots are fired at a Jewish settler driving nearby; troops withdraw to the outskirts of the city a short time later. The IDF also makes incursions into several villages nr. Hebron, Tulkarm; partially demolishes 2 factories, bulldozes a strip of agricultural land, 7 greenhouses nr. Qarni crossing in Gaza; lifts a week-long 24 hr. curfew on the al-Mawasi area of Gaza. (AP, Palestine Media Center 5/19; AFP 5/19 in WNC 5/20; NYT, WP, WT 5/20; Interfax 5/20 in WNC 5/21; WT 5/21; LAW 5/22; JPI 5/31)

Israel releases tenders for the construction of 957 housing units in Jewish settlements. (HA 5/19; WT 5/21)

The European Union (EU) says that Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain have agreed to take the 13 Palestinians deported to Cyprus on 5/10 as part of the Israeli-PA deal to end the Church of the Nativity stand-off. (AFP, CNA 5/19 in WNC 5/20; NYT 5/20)

Around 90 Peruvian converts to Judaism are airlifted to Israel to take up residence in Alon Shvut, Karmei Tzur settlements. The Ashkenazi chief rabbinate sent a delegation of rabbis on a 2 wk. mission to impoverished rural areas Peru in early 5/02 to convert anyone "who said they were willing to immigrate to Israeli immediately." (HA 7/19; WT 7/24)

In Bethlehem, the IDF fires on 3 Palestinians who attempt to leave the Church of the Nativity, killing 1 Palestinian, severely wounding 2 others; the dead, wounded are evacuated later in the day. The IDF continues arrest raids in Tulkarm, detaining at least 5 Hamas mbrs. In Rafah, 1 Palestinian is mortally wounded by IDF gunfire in her home. (B'Tselem press release 5/9; MM, NYT, WP, WT 5/3)

Arafat emerges fr. his Ramallah office for the 1st time since 12/3/01, tours Ramallah to assess the damage. (HA 5/2; MENA 5/2, AKH 5/3 in WNC 5/6; NYT, WP, WT 5/3; WP 5/4; al-Nahar 5/4 in WNC 5/6; al-Quds 5/8 in WNC 5/9)

In Washington, the quartet (represented by Annan, Ivanov, Powell, Solana) announce plans to convene a FM-level "regional peace conference" in summer 2002 to secure a cease-fire and revive peace talks, rebuild the Palestinian security apparatus, boost humanitarian aid to and economic conditions of the Palestinians. (AP 5/2; HA, MM, NYT, WP, WT 5/3; Interfax 5/3 in WNC 5/6; MM 5/7; al-Safir 5/10 in WNC 5/13)

The IDF sends tanks, APCs into Tulkarm, imposes a curfew. After the PA transfers 6 wanted Palestinians to British-U.S. custody, Israel lifts its 34-day siege of the Ramallah compound, grants Arafat freedom of movement, withdraws to the outskirts of Ramallah. In Bethlehem, an IDF sniper wounds 1 Palestinian inside the Church of the Nativity, evacuates him for treatment. Later, the IDF directs gunfire, smoke grenades at the Church of the Nativity complex, wounding 3 Palestinians, starting fires in the Franciscan and Greek Orthodox monasteries that burn uncontrolled for 20 mins. before being extinguished by those inside (the IDF bars fire fighters fr. the scene); 2 more Palestinians in the church surrender. In Gaza, 4 Palestinians, including an 11-mo.-old girl are killed by IDF fire. (MM 5/1; AFP, ITAR-TASS, SA 5/1 in WNC 5/2; HA, MM, NYT, WP, WT 5/2; MM 5/3; QA 5/3 in WNC 5/6; JP 5/10)

The IDF stages a major predawn incursion into Palestinian areas of Hebron, conducting house-to-house searches, arresting 150 Palestinians, killing 10 Palestinians, including apparently assassinating wanted Hamas mbr. Tarik al-Dufashi. The IDF threatens to raid Hebron hospital in search of 15 wanted Palestinians; destroys several buildings, including a TV station. In Bethlehem, an IDF sniper fatally shoots a Palestinian inside the Church of the Nativity. The IDF does not begin a withdrawal fr. Ramallah, with Israel demanding that the PA hand over PFLP head Saadat, Arafat aide Fuad Shubaki (wanted by Israel in connection with the Karine A affair) in addition to the 4 PFLP mbrs. The IDF bulldozes land in Rafah r.c., sparking clashes. (CNN, GS, WP, WT 4/29; MENA 4/29 in WNC 4/30; MM, NYT, WP, WT 4/30; AYM, al-Quds 4/30 in WNC 5/1; MEI 5/3)

The IDF raids Qalqilya, killing (possibly assassinating) local PFLP leader Ra'id Nazil, detaining 16 Palestinians. The IDF also conducts arrest raids into Jenin and Nablus, arresting 26 Palestinians. In Bethlehem, IDF snipers again fire on the Church of the Nativity, seriously injuring 2 Palestinians, who are evacuated for treatment; 4 PSF officers surrender to the IDF. In Ramallah, 100s of Palestinians demonstrate outside the PA compound against Arafat's confinement, clash with the IDF, leaving 11 injured. In Gaza, 15,000 Palestinians attend a Hamas rally calling fo the continuation of the armed intifada. The IDF detains without explanation Agence France-Presse's (AFP) Palestinian photographer Hossam Abu Alan. (AFP, HA, MM, REU 4/26; NYT, WP, WT 4/27; al-Quds 4/27 in WNC 4/29; WP 5/4)

The IDF sends tanks into PA-controlled Hebron, killing 1 Palestinian, wounding 4 before withdrawing. In Gaza, the IDF fatally shoots 4 Palestinians who allegedly try to infiltrate Kefar Darom settlement, sparking an exchange of gunfire with local PSF officers that leaves 1 PSF mbr. dead. A 7th Palestinian is fatally shot at an IDF checkpoint elsewhere. In Bethlehem, IDF snipers fatally shoot 2 Palestinians inside the Church of the Nativity, but the IDF allows 9 Palestinian children, 2 corpses to be evacuated. In Arafat's Ramallah compound, a PA judge sentences 4 PFLP mbrs. to terms of 1-18 yrs. for their involvement in the Ze'evi assassination; Israel dismisses the trial as invalid, repeats demands their extradition. In Jenin r.c., Palestinians reject U.S.-donated emergency aid, saying the U.S. is culpable in the destruction of the camp. The IDF begins constructing a security fence, buffer zone along 7.5 km of the Green Line nr. Tulkarm. (CNN, Irish Times [Internet], Jewish Telegraphic Agency, MM, NYT, WT 4/25; AFP, USIS Washington File, WP, WT 4/26; AYM 4/26 in WNC 4/29; AFP, HA, MM 4/30; JP 5/16; AYM 5/16 in WNC 5/21)

The IDF raids several West Bank villages, arresting 26 Palestinians. In Hebron, Palestinian gunmen fatally shoot 3 collaborators. This evening, the IDF sets off controlled explosions in the jail that walls on Arafat's offices in the Ramallah compound. The IDF, Palestinian officials open talks on ending the Church of the Nativity siege; 3 Armenian Orthodox monks surrender, leave their dormitory in the church complex. The IDF lifts the curfew on Bethlehem for 2 hrs. (AFP, AP 4/23; MM, NYT, WP, WT 4/24; XIN 4/24 in WNC 4/25; MM 4/25; JP, MEI 5/3)

An IDF soldier is killed during a raid on a village nr. Nablus; a total of 5 Palestinians are killed by the IDF during the day, including senior AMB mbr. Marwan Zallum who is assassinated in Hebron. In his Ramallah compound, Arafat opens a military trial of 4 PFLP mbrs. (not including PFLP head Ahmad Saadat) wanted by Israel for involvement in the Ze'evi assassination; AMB gunmen fire on 3 Palestinian collaborators in Manara Square, killing 1, wounding 2. In Bethlehem, a serious exchange of gunfire is reported nr. the Church of the Nativity; the IDF confiscates the credentials of 17 journalists trying to approach the area. The IDF lifts the curfew in Dahaysha for 3-4 hrs. (AP, HA, Israeli Trade Min. press release, MM 4/22; NYT, WP, WT 4/23; Le Monde, al-Quds 4/23 in WNC 4/24; NYT, WP, WT 4/24; QA 4/24 in WNC 4/25; MA 4/26 in WNC 4/29; MM 4/30; MEI 5/3)

The IDF completes its withdrawal to the outskirts of Nablus, including evacuating Jewish settlers fr. Joseph's Tomb, which the IDF retook on 2/11/02; pulls out of all of Ramallah, except for maintaining a cordon around Arafat's compound. Sharon announces the end of the "1st stage" of Operation Defensive Shield. Areas vacated by the IDF today report severe vandalism and looting, including attempting to blow open bank safes to steal cash reserves. In Nablus, hospital officials say a total of 75 Palestinians were killed, 160 seriously injured since 4/3; the IDF says 1 soldier died fighting in Nablus, 9 were wounded. In Bethlehem, 5 Palestinians fr. the Church of the Nativity surrender. In Dahaysha, the IDF conducts house-to-house searches, detaining at least 16 palestinians. (JP [Internet] 4/21; MENA 4/21 in WNC 4/22; JT, MM, NYT, WP 4/22; AYM 4/23 in WNC 4/29; MM 4/29)

Sharon says the IDF will pull out of Jenin, Nablus and begin to discharge reservists within a wk. but will stay in Bethlehem, Ramallah until wanted Palestinians there are captured or exiled. The IDF enters 2 more West Bank villages; lifts the curfews on Bethlehem, Ramallah for a few hrs. In Ramallah, IDF commando units arrest Fatah's Barghouti (see 4/2). The IDF now says it has detained more than 5,000 Palestinians since 3/29. UNRWA workers are allowed part way into Jenin r.c. for the 1st time since 4/3 but are barred fr. distributing food, water, medicine. Journalists who reach the center of the camp say the IDF has "obliterated" 2 city blocks of the main residential area, the "smell of decomposing bodies" hangs in the air, but wks. of work will be needed to determine if a massacre took place. In Bethlehem, 2 ailing Palestinians fr. the Church of the Nativity surrender; the IDF allows relief workers to bring water, medical supplies to those still inside. The IDF, Palestinian gunmen briefly exchange fire nr. Manger Square, leaving 1 Palestinian, 2 soldiers wounded. The IDF fatally shoots 1 Palestinian nr. Qur'a r.c., 1 in al-Doha; a 3d Palestinian dies of injuries received earlier. (Addameer press release, HA, UPMRC 4/15; MM, NYT, WP, WT 4/16; MA 4/16 in WNC 4/18; B'Tselem press release, HA 4/17; AFP, WJW 4/18; MEI 4/19; SA 4/29 in WNC 4/30)

The IDF makes new incursions into 6 Palestinian villages, including Burkin (next to Jenin r.c.); lifts the curfew in Jenin r.c. for several hrs. In Bethlehem, IDF soldiers shoot a Palestinian in the Church of the Nativity complex, allow him to bleed to death. Those inside the church say they are almost out of food and water, can no longer pump water fr. their well because the IDF has cut electricity. In Nablus, aid workers rescue an elderly Palestinian couple fr. the rubble of their home, which was bulldozed on 4/5, killing 8 family mbrs. including 3 children. Also in Nablus, the IDF arrests most-wanted AMB mbr. Naseer Awais. In Ramallah, the IDF ransacks, occupies the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center, several PA offices. Reporters allowed entry into to the old cities of Bethlehem, Nablus report major damage to historic buildings, several Bethlehem University buildings (including the library), many new projects financed with donor aid for the Bethlehem 2000 celebrations. (Sakakini Center press release 4/13; WP 4/14; WP 4/15; AYM 4/22 in WNC 4/25)

A female AMB suicide bomber detonates a device at a bus station in Jerusalem, killing 6 Israelis, injuring around 50. In Jenin r.c., eyewitnesses report that IDF bulldozers are burying Palestinian bodies; Israel says it is merely burying the dead to prevent a health crisis; the IDF says it plans to move corpses to a remote "enemy's cemetery" in the Jordan Valley. Sharon's office says the 200 Palestinians in the Church of the Nativity can end their siege by either submitting themselves to trial in an IDF military court or going into exile abroad. The IDF raids the PA Agriculture Min. offices in Ramallah; fatally shoots a Palestinian shopkeeper in Bayt Sahur. In Gaza's Jabaliya r.c., 30,000s Palestinians attend a Hamas rally. (AP, HA, LAW 4/12; NYT, PCHR, WP, WT 4/13; MM 4/16)

In talks with Powell, Sharon refuses to set a timetable for withdrawal fr. PA areas, says he will not hold any political talks as long as violence continues, recommends a Madrid-style peace conference once a cease-fire is in place. (AP, CNN, MM 4/12; NYT, WP, WT 4/13; XIN 4/15 in WNC 4/16; MM 4/16; MENA, al-Quds 4/16 in WNC 4/17; MEI 4/19; al-Quds 4/19 in WNC 4/22)

A Hamas suicide bomber (a Jenin resident) detonates a device on a bus in Haifa, killing 4 IDF soldiers, 4 Israeli civilians, wounding 14. In Jenin, the IDF bulldozes "whole stretches" of Palestinian homes in the area where 13 soldiers were killed on 4/9; unconfirmed reports accuse the IDF of burying bodies during the demolitions to hide evidence of a massacre. Villages around Jenin reportedly have taken in 1,000s of Palestinians fleeing the camp in recent days. In Nablus, medical workers say 11 Palestinians were killed in overnight clashes with the IDF, another 63 injured, bringing the toll since the incursion in the city began to around 60; the IDF destroys 4 alleged bomb-making factories, then pulls back fr. the old city market area, eases attacks in Nablus and nearby al-`Ayn r.c. (where 25 homes reportedly have been destroyed), calls on survivors to surrender. In Bethlehem, the IDF shoots, wounds an Armenian monk standing at the window of his room in the Church of the Nativity complex; shoots dead 2 Palestinians who attempt to sneak out of the church to get food, medicine for those inside. Israel rejects an appeal by the Vatican, Greek Orthodox Church, Armenians for a "safe conduct" agmt. to end the standoff. The IDF bars a UN relief convoy fr. bringing food, emergency supplies into Ramallah. A World Bank delegation says it obtained access to the PA Central Bureau of Statistics, PA Education Min. and found both ransacked, computers stripped of hard drives, files purged, safes blasted open, some $10,000 stolen. Late this evening, the IDF pulls out of Qabatiyya, Samua, Yatta. (AP, CNN, HA, JP [Internet], MM, PMC 4/10; MM, NYT, WP, WT 4/11; al-Quds 4/11 in WNC 4/12; MEI 4/19; WP 4/20)

After 3 days of consultations with Arab leaders, Powell meets in Madrid with senior quartet reps. (EU foreign policy dir. Javier Solana, Russian FM Igor Ivanov, UN Secy.-Gen. Annan), who issue a statement fully backing his mission. (RMC 4/10 in WNC 4/11; MM, NYT, WP 4/11)

The IDF escalates attacks on Jenin r.c., firing at least 20 missiles into residential areas, demolishing occupied buildings to widen narrow allies so tanks can pass, killing at least 30 Palestinians; 2 IDF soldiers are also killed. Some 200 Palestinian women, children suffering fr. dehydration walk out of the camp, 5 days after the IDF cut off water, electricity, food, ambulance access. The ICRC says it has only been allowed to evacuate 3 injured Palestinians fr. the camp, 2 of whom were arrested by the IDF. IDF troops throw percussion, smoke grenades into St. Catherine's church and convent in the Church of the Nativity complex, setting a conference hall afire; exchange gunfire with PSF officers who leave the church to put out the blaze, killing 1. After 45 mins., the IDF allows fire fighters into the church to extinguish the blaze, which causes serious damage. In Nablus, the IDF orders Palestinian men age 19-60 to surrender, in some cases threatening to destroy homes if Palestinians do not turn themselves in. The IDF also allows ICRC and PRCS medics into Nablus to removed the wounded, bodies of 10 Palestinians killed in recent days of fighting; another 14 bodies were buried in a mosque courtyard earlier, when they could not be removed. In Ramallah, the IDF lifts the curfew for several hrs.; raids, damages offices of 2 Arab TV stations. (CNN, WP 4/8; MM, NYT, WP, WT 4/9; JT, al-Quds 4/9 in WNC 4/10)

Bush publicly reiterates his call for Sharon to halt incursions, immediately begin a withdrawal, telling him "I meant what I said." Zinni presses the issue privately with Sharon, who says the IDF will begin pulling out of Qalqilya, Tulkarm within hrs. but will maintain a tight cordon around the 2 towns; vows attacks on other areas will continue "until the mission is completed," after which he would willing to hold Madrid-style negotiations with "moderate and responsible Middle Eastern leaders." (MM 4/8; MM, NYT, WP, WT 4/9; MM 4/10)

Early this morning, IDF helicopters, tanks attack the PSF West Bank headquarters in Beitunia, where some 200 PSF officers and staff have encamped since 3/30, setting the building ablaze. The CIA intervenes to secure the safe evacuation of the staff, surrender of 180 officers, but some refuse to leave. In Ramallah, the IDF continues house-to-house searches, stumbling upon 22 PSF officers hiding in an apartment, fatally shooting 2 though none resist arrest; raids, shuts Ramallah's al-Quds Educational TV, arresting 2 employees; revokes the credentials of 2 Abu Dhabi TV journalists, threatens legal action against CNN and NBC for broadcasting fr. Ramallah; confiscates 3 ambulances, detains 9 paramedics. PRCS suspends services in Ramallah, noting the IDF now has 15 medical workers in custody. This afternoon, the IDF lifts the Ramallah curfew for 3 hrs. so residents can buy food, bury those killed since 3/29 (bodies have been double-stacked in morgues, with no electricity). In Bethlehem, IDF troops order all men age 14-45 to surrender; fight their way to the doorway of the Church of the Nativity, where some 200 Palestinian gunmen, civilians have now sought refuge; fire on 20 journalists on the balcony of the Star Hotel, injuring 1; fire a warning shot at a clearly marked Reuters car. Palestinians also take refuge in Bethlehem's Omar Mosque, Santa Maria Church, the Russian Orthodox Church and hospice; the IDF surrounds those holy sites, occupies Bethlehem University as its main staging area. In Aida and Dahaysha, the IDF orders Palestinian women age 15-25, men age 14-45 to surrender. A Palestinian suicide bomber detonates a device at an IDF checkpoint into Jerusalem, killing only himself, causing no injuries. At least 7 Palestinians are killed today, including 2 motorists ambushed by settler vigilante group Tears of the Orphans and Martyrs (see 3/5) nr. Tulkarm, a mother and son shot by the IDF and allowed bleed to death, a woman shot dead by an IDF sniper as she left a Ramallah hospital (troops fire on medical workers attempting to retrieve her body). 3 Israelis injured in the 3/27 Netanya attack die, bringing the toll of the bombing to 23; 1 Israeli injured in the 3/31 Haifa attack dies, bringing that toll to 16. Israel expands its list of "wanted" Palestinians to include some of Arafat's top aides, including intelligence chief Tawfiq Tirawi, PSF 2d in command in Gaza Rashid Abu Shabak, Fatah tanzim leader Marwan Barghouti, but not PSF heads Dahlan or Rajub. (AP, HA, PRCS press release, NYT, WP, WT 4/2; MENA 4/2 in WNC 4/3; NYT, WP, WT 4/3; WP 4/4; QA 4/4 in WNC 4/5; MEI 4/5)

Sharon tells envoys of EU, Russia, UN they may meet with Arafat if they agree to escort him into exile. Peres proposes that Arafat "voluntarily" leave the territories asylum in foreign country. (AP, HA, MM 4/2; AFP 4/2 in WNC 4/3; NYT, WP 4/3)

With Passover past and 20,000 reserves fully mobilized, the IDF reoccupies Bethlehem, setting up a cordon 500 yards fr. the Church of the Nativity, surrounding the PSF West Bank headquarters, declaring a 24-hr. curfew, firing warning shots at a BBC camera crew. The IDF also sends troops into Aida, Dahaysha, Tulkarm; reinforces troops in Qalqilya, beginning house-to-house searches. In Ramallah, the IDF continues rounding up Palestinian men, saying since 3/29, it has detained 700 (10 of them "wanted" men) and seized 19 rifles, 4 pipe bombs, 2 mortars, a "small number of assorted ordnance"; raids, vandalizes, confiscates files fr. more public, private offices; ejects a 6-person CBS news team fr. the city; fires on a clearly marked NBC TV vehicle. The PRCS says that the IDF has halted coordination efforts that guarantee the safe movement of ambulances, medical workers. In Bayt Jala, 100 Palestinians and foreign peace activists hold a nonviolent march to an IDF checkpoint, where troops open fire in front of them with live ammunition fr. tank-mounted machine guns, wounding 7 foreigners, 1 Palestinian TV cameraman. In total, 13 Palestinians are killed during the day, including an 11-yr.-old boy shot by the IDF in Gaza. A Palestinian sniper kills 1 Jewish settler in Har Homa. A Palestinian suicide bomber detonates a car bomb at a checkpoint btwn. East and West Jerusalem, killing 1 Israeli police officer. Palestinian gunmen kill 11 Palestinian collaborators, taking most of them fr. PA jails. Palestinians across the territories hold solidarity rallies to protest Israeli actions. (JP [Internet], NYT, PRCS press release, WP 4/1; al-Quds 4/1, AFP 4/2 in WNC 4/3; AFP, AN, ATL, IRNA, MENA, SA 4/1 in WNC 4/1; MM, NYT, WP, WT 4/2; MEI 4/5)

Israel shells, sends troops into Dahaysha; conduct air raids (including F-16s) against targets across Gaza and in Hebron, Nablus, Ramallah. The IDF continues operations in Bethlehem, coming within a mile of the Church of the Nativity; raids a village nr. Rafah, ordering Palestinian men age 15+n45 to surrender; makes incursions into Birzeit, Jifna. The IDF attempts to assassinate senior AMB mbr. Samir Awais, firing missiles a his car, killing his brother, the car's only occupant, by mistake. Late this evening, 2 AMB gunman open fire and throw grenades in the Israeli coastal city of Netanya, killing 2 Israelis, 1 Israeli Arab, wounding 24 before being shot dead. Hrs. later, a Hamas suicide bomber detonates a device in a Jerusalem cafe, killing 11 Israelis, wounding 50. The IDF reportedly has detained some 600 Palestinian men, teenage boys in Tulkarm r.c. since 3/8. (BDL, HP 3/9; NYT, WP, WT 3/10; JP [Internet], MM 3/11; LAW 3/13)